الكلام المنقول (Reported Speech)
تعلم قواعد التحويل الأساسية للأزمنة والضمائر وظروف الزمان والمكان.
[Image of direct speech and reported speech]1. القواعد الأساسية للكلام المنقول
آلية التحويل (Backshift)
عندما يكون فعل القول (Reporting Verb) في الماضي (مثل said, told, asked)، يجب أن نرجع زمن الجملة خطوة إلى الوراء (Backshift).
Direct: Present Simple
→
Reported: Past Simple
جدول تحويل الأزمنة (Tense Conversions)
| Direct Speech (مباشر) | Reported Speech (منقول) |
|---|---|
| Present Simple (I write) | Past Simple (He wrote) |
| Present Continuous (I am writing) | Past Continuous (He was writing) |
| Present Perfect (I have written) | Past Perfect (He had written) |
| Past Simple (I wrote) | Past Perfect (He had written) |
| will | would |
| can | could |
| must / have to | had to |
جدول تحويل ظروف الزمان والمكان
| Direct Speech (مباشر) | Reported Speech (منقول) |
|---|---|
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| here | there |
| this | that |
